目 录
1 颞骨 ......................................................................................................................... 1
Temporal Bone
1.1 颞骨胚胎学 ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 软骨性脑颅 .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 膜性脑颅和鳞骨 .................................................................................. 3
1.1.3 面颅 ...................................................................................................... 3
1.2 围产期颞骨的变化 .......................................................................................... 4
1.3 出生后颞骨的变化 .......................................................................................... 4
1.4 颞骨解剖 ......................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1 岩骨 ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 鳞骨 ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4.3 鼓骨 ...................................................................................................... 5
1.4.4 茎突骨 .................................................................................................. 6
1.4.5 颞骨裂 .................................................................................................. 6
1.4.6 颞骨表面 .............................................................................................. 7
1.5 结论 ............................................................................................................... 13
2 中耳 ....................................................................................................................... 15
Middle Ear Cavity
2.1 鼓室外侧壁 .................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 鼓室外侧壁胚胎学 ............................................................................. 16
2.1.2 鼓室外侧壁解剖 ................................................................................ 16
2.1.3 鼓膜力学 ............................................................................................ 21
2.2 底壁（颈静脉球壁） ...................................................................................... 24
2.2.1 底壁胚胎学 ........................................................................................ 24
2.2.2 出生后颈静脉球发育 ......................................................................... 24
2.2.3 底壁解剖 ............................................................................................ 25
2.3 后壁 ............................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 后壁胚胎学 ........................................................................................ 27
2.3.2 后壁解剖 ............................................................................................ 27
2.4 上壁（鼓室天盖） .......................................................................................... 31
2.4.1 上壁发育 ............................................................................................ 31
2.4.2 上壁解剖 ............................................................................................ 32
2.4.3 手术相关解剖 .................................................................................... 33
2.4.4 盖板裂隙与上半规管裂隙 ................................................................. 34
2.5 前壁（颈内动脉壁） ...................................................................................... 36
2.5.1 前壁的发育 ........................................................................................ 36
2.5.2 前壁解剖 ............................................................................................ 36
2.6 内壁（耳蜗壁） .............................................................................................. 38
2.6.1 内壁的胚胎学 .................................................................................... 39
2.6.2 内壁解剖 ............................................................................................ 41
3 中耳内容物 .......................................................................................................... 57
Middle Ear Contents
3.1 听小骨 ........................................................................................................... 57
3.1.1 听小骨的胚胎学 ................................................................................ 57
3.1.2 听小骨解剖 ........................................................................................ 65
3.2 听小骨关节 .................................................................................................... 72
3.2.1 听小骨关节的胚胎学 ......................................................................... 72
3.2.2 听小骨关节解剖 ................................................................................ 72
3.3 中耳肌肉 ....................................................................................................... 76
3.3.1 中耳肌肉的胚胎学 ............................................................................. 76
3.3.2 中耳肌肉解剖 .................................................................................... 76
3.4 中耳神经 ....................................................................................................... 78
3.4.1 面神经分支 ........................................................................................ 78
3.4.2 鼓室丛 ................................................................................................ 78
3.5 中耳血管 ....................................................................................................... 81
3.5.1 中耳血管的胚胎学 ............................................................................. 81
3.5.2 中耳血管解剖 .................................................................................... 83
3.6 中耳的黏膜皱襞 ............................................................................................ 86
3.6.1 黏膜皱襞的发育 ................................................................................ 86
3.6.2 黏膜皱襞解剖 .................................................................................... 86
3.6.3 鼓室隔 ................................................................................................ 91
3.6.4 鼓峡 .................................................................................................... 93
4 中耳室 .................................................................................................................. 99
Middle Ear Compartments
4.1 中耳室胚胎学 ................................................................................................ 99
4.1.1 前囊 .................................................................................................... 99
4.1.2 中囊 .................................................................................................. 100
4.1.3 上囊 .................................................................................................. 100
4.1.4 后囊 .................................................................................................. 100
4.2 原鼓室 ......................................................................................................... 100
4.2.1 原鼓室的发育 .................................................................................. 100
4.2.2 原鼓室解剖 ...................................................................................... 102
4.3 下鼓室 ......................................................................................................... 103
4.3.1 下鼓室各壁 ...................................................................................... 103
4.3.2 下鼓室中的气房 .............................................................................. 104
4.4 后鼓室 ......................................................................................................... 104
4.4.1 外侧空间 .......................................................................................... 105
4.4.2 中间隙 .............................................................................................. 106
4.5 上鼓室 ......................................................................................................... 109
4.5.1 上鼓室的上部单元 ........................................................................... 109
4.5.2 上鼓室下端（鼓膜上隐窝） ............................................................. 113
4.6 中鼓室 ......................................................................................................... 117
4.6.1 鼓膜隔室或囊袋 .............................................................................. 117
4.7 中耳通气通路 .............................................................................................. 119
4.8 中耳通气压力调节 ...................................................................................... 119
4.8.1 中耳黏膜 .......................................................................................... 119
4.8.2 黏膜细胞和 ET 压力联合调节 ......................................................... 121
4.8.3 中耳压力调节的神经控制 ............................................................... 122
